Scaling and Complexity: Spatial Decomposition MD

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Hyperswitch communication network

The Hyperswitch Communication Network (HCN) is a large scale parallel computer prototype being developed at JPL. Commercial versions of the HCN computer are planned. The HCN computer being designed is a message passing multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) computer, and offers many advantages in price-performance ratio, reliability and availability, and manufacturing over traditional uniprocessors and bus based multiprocessors. The design of the HCN operating system is a uniquely flexible environment that combines both parallel processing and distributed processing. This programming paradigm can achieve a balance among the following competing factors: performance in processing and communications, user friendliness, and fault tolerance. The prototype is being designed to accommodate a maximum of 64 state of the art microprocessors. The HCN is classified as a distributed supercomputer. The HCN system is described, and the performance/cost analysis and other competing factors within the system design are reviewed

Cookies for children (1964)

Pages six and seven are missing.Cookies are favorites with juSt about everybody especially hungty boys and girls juSt home from school or a session of play. Such a popular food needs to be good for you as well as good to ear. Many cookies are high in carbohydrates, sugar, and fat, and supply few nutrienrs other than calories. Recipes in this bulletin have been developed to make cookies tasty as well as to contain many nutrients needed for growth; for muscle, bone, and tooth development; and for general well-being.Cooky ingredients -- General Suggestions. Mixing ; Baking ; Storing ; Freezing -- Cooky recipies. Carrot-raisin ; Fruit ; Golden yellow ; Cereal ; Honey Whole Wheat ; Molasses ginger ; Soft molasses ; Molasses whole wheat ; Peanut butter molasses ; Peanut butter ; Chocolate whole wheat-oatmeal -- Lunch wafers -- Teething cooky -- Recipies using cooky mix -- Basic cooky mix. Raisin drop ; Lemon drops ; Peanut butter ; oatmeal ; Cocoa drop -- Comparision of food nutrients of different cookies ; Aproximate percentage of minimum daily requirements of certain nutrients supplied by selected cookie

The Role of Legal Services in the Antipoverty Program

Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages

Centros de producción de materiales de construcción en países en vías de desarrollo

The need for shelter is a growing worldwide problem. In developing countries this need far exceeds the capacity of government agencies to respond. Cooperative self-help techniques often provide alternative means for lower income people to imporve their own shelter and community services with a minimun of outside assistance. These techniques may often require the introduction of less advanced, but appropriate building technology is important. It is, however, only one part of a comprehensive system needed to produce better housing. In many countries, technology is the least important constraint; more serious concerns are building technology is important. It is, however, only one part of a comprehensive system needed to produce better housing. In many countries, technology is the least important constraint; more serious concerns are managerial and financial obstacles. The Building Materials Production Centers concept is part of a larger shelter development strategy; a "Cooperative Development System 1) aimed at promoting low-cost housing in developing countries. The self-help construction that takes place in squatter settlements and rural areas is often poorly served by the formal construction industry material suppliers and must rely on informal material production systems for building materials. Building Materials Production Centers can be established to meet the needs of these settlement areas in a more efficient way at a reasonable cost and at locations where people are improving their own housing and communities.Las necesidades de alojamiento constituyen un problema creciente a nivel mundial. En los países en vías de desarrollo, esta necesidad excede con mucho la capacidad de respuesta de las agencias gubernamentales. Las técnicas cooperativas de auto-construcción proporcionan, a menudo, medios alternativos para la población de ingresos bajos que puede mejorar sus propios alojamientos y servicios comunitarios con un mínimo de asistencia exterior. Estas técnicas pueden requerir muchas veces la utilización de tecnologías de construcción menos avanzadas pero adecuadas. La experiencia obtenida en proporcionar asistencia técnica para facilitar el acceso a la vivienda y a los servicios comunitarios de millares de pobres sin hogar, ha mostrado la importancia de las tecnologías de construcción mejoradas. Constituye, sin embargo, solamente una parte de un amplio sistema necesario para la producción de mejores viviendas. En muchos países la tecnología constituye la limitación menos importante; los obstáculos administrativos y financieros son mucho mayores. La idea de los Centros de Producción de Materiales de Construcción forma parte de una mayor estrategia de desarrollo de viviendas; un "Sistema de Desarrollo Cooperativo" que pretende promocionar la construcción de viviendas a bajo coste en los países en vías de desarrollo. La autoconstrucción que se produce en asentamientos de ocupación en zonas urbanas es frecuentemente poco atendida por los proveedores de materiales de construcción formales, y debe basarse en sistemas de producción de materiales de construcción informales. Los Centros de Producción de Materiales de Construcción pueden establecerse para satisfacer las necesidades de estas zonas de asentamiento de forma más eficiente, a un coste razonable y en lugares en los que la gente está mejorando su propia vivienda y sus comunidades

Long-term outcomes of surgical aortic fenestration for complicated acute type B aortic dissections

IntroductionSurgical aortic fenestration has been used for treating ischemic complications of acute type B aortic dissection (ABAD). In the current endovascular era, surgical aortic fenestration may serve as an alternative for these patients after percutaneous failure. The purpose of this study is to describe our surgical suprarenal and infrarenal aortic fenestration technique, and to report the long-term outcomes of this approach in the management of complicated ABAD.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the in-hospital and long-term outcomes of 18 patients treated with either suprarenal (n = 10) or infrarenal surgical fenestration (n = 8) for complicated ABAD between 1988 and 2002. Suprarenal fenestration was performed through a thoracoabdominal incision in the 10th intercostal space, whereas patients treated with infrarenal fenestration underwent a midline laparotomy. A longitudinal aortotomy was performed and the true and false lumens were identified, followed by a wide resection of the intimal membrane.ResultsMedian age was 60 years (range, 48-82 years) and 89% (n = 16) were male. The in-hospital mortality was 22% (n = 4), which included two deaths after suprarenal fenestration and two deaths after infrarenal fenestration. In the remaining patients, full visceral, renal, and lower extremity function was recovered, except for 1 patient with paraplegia at admission in which the neurologic deficit was permanent. Median follow-up of the surviving patients was 10.0 years (interquartile range, 12.5; range, 0.5-20 years). During follow-up, none of the patients developed renal or visceral ischemia, or ischemic complications to the lower extremities, and no significant dilatations of the treated aortic segments were noted. Three of 14 patients with ABAD who were discharged alive expired during the follow-up period due to causes unrelated to the surgical procedure.ConclusionSurgical aortic fenestration represents an effective and durable option for treating ischemic complications of ABAD. Actually, this conservative surgical technique may serve as the alternative treatment in case of contraindications or failure of endovascular management of complicated ABAD

Student Nurses Participate in Public Health Research and Practice Through a School-Based Screening Program

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions among children in minority populations, placing them at risk for diabetes and hypertension. The importance of educating a generation of nurses who have the knowledge, skills, and passion to address this public health need is crucial to the profession and to America\u27s health. This article describes the use of a Community Partnership Model to frame baccalaureate nursing students\u27 (B.S.N.) service learning within the context of a research study to screen middle- and high-school students for health risks. The missions of education, research, and practice are linked together in the model by three processes: evidence-based practice, service learning, and scholarly teaching. The aim of the project was early identification of obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes and their predictors in a high-risk student population, between 12 and 19 years of age. Early evidence indicates that the model is feasible and effective for directing student learning and addressing public health problems in the community

A New Basal Sauropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the Early Evolution of Sauropoda

The early evolution of sauropod dinosaurs is poorly understood because of a highly incomplete fossil record. New discoveries of Early and Middle Jurassic sauropods have a great potential to lead to a better understanding of early sauropod evolution and to reevaluate the patterns of sauropod diversification.A new sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Niger, Spinophorosaurus nigerensis n. gen. et sp., is the most complete basal sauropod currently known. The taxon shares many anatomical characters with Middle Jurassic East Asian sauropods, while it is strongly dissimilar to Lower and Middle Jurassic South American and Indian forms. A possible explanation for this pattern is a separation of Laurasian and South Gondwanan Middle Jurassic sauropod faunas by geographic barriers. Integration of phylogenetic analyses and paleogeographic data reveals congruence between early sauropod evolution and hypotheses about Jurassic paleoclimate and phytogeography.Spinophorosaurus demonstrates that many putatively derived characters of Middle Jurassic East Asian sauropods are plesiomorphic for eusauropods, while South Gondwanan eusauropods may represent a specialized line. The anatomy of Spinophorosaurus indicates that key innovations in Jurassic sauropod evolution might have taken place in North Africa, an area close to the equator with summer-wet climate at that time. Jurassic climatic zones and phytogeography possibly controlled early sauropod diversification